Assessment of River and Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Domestic Uses in Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India

The ongoing degradation of the water quality of central Maharashtra’s basaltic aquifer is of great concern for different authorities and agencies involved in the water sector in the Maharashtra, India. The Kham river, which is one of the major tributaries of the Godavari river, receives all domestic and industrial waste water from the Aurangabad city. The river, with no natural flow in the dry season, is extensively used for irrigation. In order to evaluate the quality of river and groundwater in the study area, eight river water and forty groundwater samples along right and left bank of the Kham river were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Physical and chemical parameters of the river and groundwater such as pH, TDS, EC, SO4, NO3 and heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, and Cu were determined. The results show that the river and groundwater of the area is generally unfit for domestic uses. Most of the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in the river and groundwater samples have higher value than the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2003) guidelines.


IntRODUctIOn
Water is very important life supporting material and required for all biotic communities.We depend on water for domestic, irrigation, sanitation and industrial purposes.Industrialization is considered vital to the nation's socio economic development as well as to its political standing in the international community.While development aims at bringing about positive changes in human life, uncontrolled consumption of natural resources both in developed and developing countries have inadvertently led to environmental degradation, pollution incurable diseases, poverty social conflicts 1,2 .Hence periodic assessment of groundwater becomes necessary to ensure the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation.The impairment of water quality due to the introduction of pollutant is a problem of industrial cities around the world 3,6 .Heavy metal is major pollutant in water bodies because of industrial and municipal waste discharge into the environment without proper treatment 7,4,6 .Heavy metals in groundwater are toxic even at low concentrations.Health risks of heavy metals include reduced growth and development, cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage, and in extreme cases, death.Exposure to some metals, such as mercury and lead, may also lead to autoimmunity 8 .Heavy metals become toxic when they are not metabolized by the body and accumulate in the soft tissues.As noted above, heavy metals may enter the human body via food, water, air, or absorption through the skin in agriculture, industrial.In recent past many researchers have worked on water quality for different purposes 36,9,24 .

Problems in study area
There are three main sources of the river and groundwater pollution in study area which includes domestic waste disposal activities, industrial effluent disposal, leaks and non point source activities such as agricultural management practices.Here in surrounding area of the Kham river the groundwater is spoiled due to waste disposal and improper agricultural practices.Total generation of sewage in Aurangabad city is 107 MLD.Total quantity of industrial effluent generated from Waluj MIDC area is 10.72 MLD and total domestic effluent generated is 3.928 MLD.(Aurangabad MPCB report -2011).Therefore, water quality monitoring is necessary in and around the Kham river.In the present work, attempts have been made to evaluate the water quality of surface and groundwater resources in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India by using conventional hydro-chemical methods and preparing thematic maps for the various water quality parameters.

Methodology adopted
The river and ground water quality parameter were collected and analyzed in the laboratory.The water quality parameters are given in database to ARC-GIS 10.1.The Aurangabad and Gagapur map was scanned and digitized (Fig. 1).The spatial interpolation was done on the basis of attribute values of the water quality parameters and for each parameter the spatial analysis was done and map was created.Finally, integrated water quality map of study area was prepared considering the groundwater quality data using ARC VIEW GIS 10.1 (Fig. 2).Geographic information system (GIS) is an effective technique for the zone mapping, risk assessment and also useful for taking quick decisions on environmental health problems 25,29 .

River and groundwater sampling
The river water samples were collected at eight different points along the river Kham as shown in Fig. 1.Groundwater samples were collected from 40 dug wells on either side of the kham river from four different villages situated near WALUJ MIDC. Figure 1 shows location of the wells in the study area.The water samples were collected in 2-liter high density polyethylene bottles (pre-cleaned with 10% nitric acid followed by repeated rinsing with bi-distilled water.The collected samples have been stabilized with ultrapure nitric acid (0.5%HNO 3 ), preserved in a cool place (about 4 C) and transported to the laboratory for further analysis.

Analysis of water resources
T h e p hy s i c o -c h e m i c a l p a ra m e t e r s investigated are pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate, and nitrate was measured in the laboratory immediately after the arrival of the samples according to standard methods.The samples were then analyzed for Fig. 1: location of study area with river and well water sampling location Fig. 2: Methodology adopted to achieve objectives the following heavy metals Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu which are dissolved in water by Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS-7000).All concentrations were determined using the absorbance made with air-acetylene flame.Five working solutions were prepared from the stock solutions for each of the standard solutions was then aspirated into the flame of AAS and the absorbance recorded in each case.

River water
The physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of the analytical results of river water were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization35 and Bureau of Indian Standards 34 for drinking and domestic uses (Table 1 and 2).

Groundwater water quality mapping
The following parameters were recorded at the site of collection; name of sample; zone and time and date of collection, place of the collection using Garmin instrument to record latitude and longitude of sampling wells in study area (Table 3).To prepare groundwater quality maps, Aurangabad and Gangapur taluka map was scanned and digitized.Scanning results in the conversion of the image into array of pixels that are arranged in rows and columns.Digitization is the process which converts raster to vector format spatial interpolation is a process of using points with known values to estimate values of other point.Spatial interpolation is a means

electrical conductivity (ec)
Electrical conductivity (EC) tells about the conducting capacity of water which in turn is determined by the presence of dissolved ions.Higher the ionisable solids, greater will be the EC.EC is a measure of total dissolved solids (TDS) i.e. -it depend upon the ionic strength of the solution.The conductivity exhibited by the water samples obtained from the river water from different villages was higher than the WHO and BIS gridlines with the highest value obtained in river water from village Banewadi having a value of 6520 (Table 1) followed by the river water at village Waluj after the waste water from MIDC with a value of 6400 µS cm -1 (Table 1).

total dissolved solids (tDS)
The concentration of total dissolved solids obtained from all river water samples was found to be above the set of the WHO and BIS gridlines.The groundwater samples collected from 40 dug well were greater than 320 mg L -1 .The highest concentration was observed in the groundwater from village Waluj had concentration of 2140 mg L -1 (Fig. 3).The high concentration of TDS in the water resources is mainly caused by vegetative decay and disposal of effluent in water from industries through different streams.

nitrate (nO 3 )
The chief sources of nitrate are atmospheric precipitation, application of fertilizers, animals waste and discharges of municipal or domestic sewage 30,31 .The nitrate concentration obtained from all the river water samples were found to be above the set guidelines of the WHO and BIS.The river water exhibits nitrate concentration above MPL at all villages.The groundwater samples from 16 dugwells along the kham river basin shows a higher concentration than WHO and BIS guidelines.A high concentration of nitrate is due to used of chemical fertilizer in agricultural activities and disposal of sewage/manure in the study area.Excessive NO 3 in drinking water can cause a number of disorders including methaemoglobinaemia in infants, gastric cancer, goitre, birth malformations and hypertensions 33 .

Sulphate (SO 4 )
Sulphates in the water commonly derived from the oxidative weathering of sulphide bearing minerals, such as pyrite (FeS 2 ); however, gypsum (CaSO 4 •2H 2 O) and anhydrite (CaSO 4 ) can also be a sulphate source 32,21,22 .All the river water samples and same samples of groundwater exceeded the desirable limit of the WHO and BIS in the study area.Higher concentration of sulphate in drinking water is associated with respiratory problems (Subba1993).Water with 200-400 mg L "1 sulphate has a bitter taste and those with 1000 mg L "1 or more can have laxative effect 21,22 .

heavy metals content in water resources chromium (cr)
The concentration of chromium found in the four river water samples and eight groundwater samples was significantly higher than the WHO and BIS guidelines for domestic use (Fig. 4).

lead (Pb)
The concentration of lead in the in the six river water samples and eleven groundwater samples was higher than the WHO and BIS guidelines for domestic use (fig.5).The groundwater sample of well no.W-RW-1 shows higher value than the MPL.While the river water sample at RV1, RP1 and well water sample were found to be below WHO and BIS guideline value for domestic uses.

cOnclUSIOn
The results of the study indicate that the kham river water is highly polluted.Aurangabad and Gangapur taluka is under threat due to critical issue of the river and groundwater pollution .EC of groundwater increased towards the south of Aurangabad city.The analysis in respect of Physical and chemical parameters of the river and groundwater such as pH, TDS, EC, SO 4 , NO 3 and heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu revels most of the river water samples have exceeded the permissible limit prescribed by the WHO and BIS .The river water which is contaminated by partly or untreated domestic and industrial sewage has penetrated through the soil and contaminated the groundwater of the village Banewadi, Valadgaon, Patoda and Waluj.This GIS based study suggests that the river and groundwater of the area contaminated due to anthropogenic activities, and water quality status monitoring programme should be needed.

AcKnOWleDGeMentS
The Author is grateful to Dr. K. A. Patil Head of the Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College Aurangabad and sincerely thankful to Dr. P. A. Sadgir for his moral support and guidance in the preparation of the paper.We are also thankful to lab members for their support and encouragement.

Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :
Fig. 3: Spatial variation map of tDS concentration in the groundwater 3. E l a n g o va n N S , D h a r m e n d i u m a r M Assessment of groundwater quality along

table 2 : Summary river water dissolved metals (mg l-1) compared to WhO and Indian Standards (IS: 10500) for domestic purposes.
The pH of all river water at villages Valadgaon was not found within the guidelines range of the WHO 2006 and BIS 2003, The pH of river water sample at village Valadgaon is alkaline in nature with pH value 9.83 and pH of river water sample at village was found acidic in nature.Remaining all river and groundwater samples was slightly alkaline in nature.