Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand ( ABGS ) Purifier is the Alternative Solution : Tackling the Problem of Rural Wastewater Treatment in India

Rural wastewater treatment is mostly ignored in developing and undeveloped countries. The most important barrier for addressing to this problem is cost of treatment and simplified technology. Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) purifier consists of four stages. Wastewater flows gravitationally through partition walls in zigzag pattern with brick bats filter; Pebble sand filter and charcoal and grit filter which facilitate removal of contaminants from domestic wastewater. In the present study, experimental model for domestic wastewater treatment was setup in the Environmental Engineering laboratory at Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Physiochemical analysis was done in August and September of 2016 the percentage removal of contaminants results shows Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 92% 87%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 93 89% , Total Suspended Solids( TSS) 80 78% and Turbidity 95 85%. The process is considered eco-friendly and easy to install technology for domestic wastewater treatment with use of locally available material. ABGS purifier is decentralized approach of domestic wastewater treatment. Hence ABGS as an alternative solution to tackle over the problem of rural wastewater treatment. Current World Environment Journal Website: www.cwejournal.org ISSN: 0973-4929, Vol. 13, No. (3) 2018, Pg. 456-463


Introduction
In 2015 not only most of the countries in world have adopted the agenda for sustainable development 2030 but also agree to take its 17 goals of the sustainable development.Even though 2.5 billion people from the world still, lack of access to developed sanitation facility. 28Though world achieves sanitation target but the Sustainable development goal 3 will not satisfying it is just because of lack of wastewater treatment facility.A developing country such as India where the majority of population living in rural area.Open defecation is one of the major problems.
For example the government of India introduced Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) in1986 by considering these views, CRSP program was improved in the year1999 and titled as 'Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC).Afterwards in 2003 the government reintroduced Nirmal Gram Yojana (Clean Village Campaign) 26 27 However, 8.5% of households who are residing in rural area have "underground" drainage system which is reflected as both, safest and modern system of the drainage report.The drainage arrangement in India for wastewater can be considered from the wastewater coming from households and its disposal following data shows that 36.7.% villages had pakka nail,19 % villages had kacchi nail and 44% villages had no drainage facilitates. 26achhta status report 2016 showed that out of the villages who has drainage arrangement the waste water coming from rural households were being directly disposed off to the nala in case of 24% of villages, directly release to the pond is 44.4% case of 15.8% villages and to the river in case of 6.8 % villages in the rural part of India. 27e census of India in 2011 had reported that 106.146Million rural households were without a drainage arrangement.This situation is very alarming as far as environment and health concern.The treatment of drainage discharge is not just a matter of concerning to wastewater treatment but it is closely relating to economics and overall development of each nation addressing to domestic wastewater generated from individual household or from village.
There are various physical, chemical and biological options for wastewater treatment such as Activated Sludge Process, Trickling Filter, Lagoon, Ozone Oxidation, Floatation, Sedimentation, Land Treatment and Wetland System.However, predominantly in developing countries, high construction cost and more importantly, high operation cost limits their application.For example Constructed Wetlands (CWs) have found to be in place for municipal wastewater treatment. 8,20Several units of Natural and CW systems in North America and subsurface flow CWs in Europe are operational for wastewater treatment. 21Most of the nonconventional systems such as Wetlands and land treatment have used. 10,11,17 1993 natural soil was used to facilitate wastewater treatment in the multi-soil-layering (MSL) system. 25n the countries like such as Japan and Thailand had successfully implemented the wastewater treatment project of domestic and restaurant wastewater and even polluted river water. 12The system has not only depleted levels of inorganic contaminants such as nitrate, ammonium and phosphate but also organic contaminants like COD, BOD.This is also referred as a biphasic layered system which is used locally available materials such as iron particles, soil, jute or sawdust, charcoal, and zeolite or alternative materials etc. 3,12 In an anaerobic sheet layer of soil mixture block, nitrate is converted into nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas (denitrified) and ferric iron is depleted to the extra mobile ferrous iron, which goes out of anaerobic sheet layer of soil. 25Although an adequate amount and perfect timing of aeration is important with the maintenance of an MSL system is not a complex system and the effective life span of such systems was predicated to be more than 10 years. 12Since many year natural waste water systems is used on large scale which is substituted by the conventional system for the sanitation of small communities because of less electric requirement's and low maintenance costs. 6,13,24,5,16nstructed Soil Filter (CSF) known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT)is a particular type of unit system which not only works in formulating soil environment in which fundamental processes of nature viz., respiration, mineral weathering but also brings photosynthesis together about the bioconversion. 15,19,10There are several types of land treatment systems such as slow-rate irrigation system 14 , overland flow system 21 , rapid infiltration systems, sand filters 4 , soil infiltration systems 6 , and intermittent buried sand filters. 18A process cost is not matching with processing demands with local operative skills and space constraint has lessen their uses. 4The treatment of wastewater is well known to all but not at all utilized due to poor soil and the chocking of the same so large space requirement and vague water quality reaching the ground water.SBT is good and easy method of treatment but existence and development of bacteria, and adequate space for construction n and the problems of treatment of unit its filtering and cleaning affecting of its uses.
The main aim of present study is not only focusing the problems of rural wastewater treatment but also providing a system for the purification of domestic wastewater by easiest, economically and ecofriendly way.

Materials and Methods
The ABGS purifier consist of four stages in sequence on the principle of gravitational flow; equalization tank, brickbat purifier, pebble and sand purifier, and char coal and grit purifier.The AGBS purifier processes are; equalization, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration.A layout dimension of experimental model of ABGS purifier as shown in Figure 1.Details about media used in each unit of ABGS purifier given in Table 1.
The first unit of ABGS purifier is an equalization tank.It is helpful for equalizing of raw water properties.Moreover the second stage consist of Brickbat purifier it has three partition walls that provided at closure frequency which has forms zig-zag flow pattern for proper mixing and of the domestic wastewater.This unit replenishes depletion of oxygen demand after organic outfall and reduces the concentration of pollutants.The third unit of ABGS purifier fills with pebbles and sand.Similar to the second unit, it has three partition walls which have forms zig-zag flow.Moreover, at this stage, pebbles and sand present and molecular attraction between negatively charged particles and positively charged particles, and allows small particle to get adsorbed on the surface of sand and grit particles.In the same way, it helps bacterial growth in the voids of sand grains, formation of zoological biofilm on the surface of sand grains.The bacteria are developed in the process and uses organic impurities in water for their feeding.They convert organic impurities into harmless compounds by a complex biochemical action, after that it reduces organic matter in the domestic wastewater.The fourth unit consists of three partition walls to provide up and down flow of the domestic wastewater with char coal media in first two compartment and further two compartment with a grit media.

Result and Discussion
Samples of a municipal wastewater have been collected daily and passed through the ABGS purifier.Its physiochemical analysis of BOD, COD, Turbidity   TSS and pH is carried out as per standard methods of APHA, 2005 1 .Results tabulated in Table 2.

Removal of Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Suspended substances play an important role in characterizing the treatability and hence the degree of contaminant removal in waste water.Therefore, removal of TSS is one of the detrimental criteria in domestic wastewater treatment.Fig. 4 TSS concentrations in the raw sewage were 91 ± 6 mg/ L, which was reduced to 13 ± 3 mg /L.This show 80 -78% removal efficiency.

pH Level
Influent pH (7.7-6.9) and effluent pH (8.0-7.2) of all the samples were found to be close to neutral showing buffering capacity of ABGS as shown in Figure 6.

Performance Characteristics for Various Methods
The values are given in the Table 3 compares a few selected mechanized and natural methods of treatment.Each treatment method has compared  with a treatment by the ABGS Purifier .In the terms of various criteria or parameters in order to compare the ABGS purifier for the wastewater treatment.
A land requirements for the ABGS purifier is 0.05-0.03(sq.m/person) which is less as compared with the typical methods, in addition the used media for the ABGS purifiers is simple and locally available hence it proves that it is an economical method of the wastewater treatment.

Fig. 2 :Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :
Fig. 2 : Variation of BOD Vs time in weeks as a new programe.The Indian government presented a flagship programme in the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014 the aim to made open defection free villages for that construction of 110 Million toilets up to 2019 targeted.The toilet construction data shows 11.80 Millions toilets between 2008 and 2009, 12.4 Million toilets from 2009 to 2010 , 12.2 Million toilets in (2010-2011), 8.8 Millions toilets from 2011 to 2012 total 4.55 Millions toilets in (2012-2013) 4.97 Millions toilets from 2013-2014, 5.85 Millions toilets were constructed in rural India in from 2014 to 2015.

Table 3 : Typical performance characteristics for various methods 2 Process BOD Land, Operational Equipment requirement Sludge Removal sq m/ Characteristics (Excluding screening Handling % person and grit removal which are required in all cases)
ABGS purifier experimental model has been developed and applied to treat the domestic wastewater at Government college of Engineering Aurangabad campus.General objective of this study was to develop the decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system by using locally available material, no pretreatment requirement, less land requirement, minimum electrical power requirement and no mechanical parts.Results show that removal of BOD (120-143 to 9-18 mg/L), COD (345-352 to 20-40 mg/L), TSS (84-120 to 15-27mg/L), Turbidity (54-78 to 03-13 NTU) and pH (7.7-6.9 to 8.0-7.2) levels.Percentage wise contaminants removal are BOD (92% -87%), COD (93 -89%) and TSS (80 -78%) and Turbidity (95 -85%) .The efficiency of ABGS purifier for removal of BOD, COD, TSS, Turbidity and Physical properties are satisfied standards for discharging treated wastewater ( Ministry of Enivironment, and Climate Change,India, 2017).It is recommended that the ABGS purifier used to treat the domestic wastewater in rural areas.