Seasonal Variations and Assessment of Water Quality of Nagchoon Pond of Khandwa District (m.p.) India

Water is basic unit of life for all living organisms at this planet. Water is essential for drinking, domestic, irrigation and industries purposes. The Khandwa District is including in hot climatic region suffering from water crises whole year especially in summer season. The sources of potable water are limited in comparison to population of Khandwa. The important source of potable water is Nagchoon pond. In recent time a steady deterioration in the quality of fresh water resources is following the wake up of population explosion, consequent urbanization and rapid industrial development, cultural exploitation. Physico-chemical parameters have been studied fromJuly2008 to june2010.the results showed that the chloride, nitrate, phosphate exceeding permissible limit so water body inclined towards eutrophication. Therefore, the Conservation and management of this water body is very much required.


INTRODUCTION
Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms.Water is the basic and primary need of all vital life processes and it is now well established that the life first arose in aquatic environments.Ever since the pre-historic times man has been intimately associated with water, and the evidences of past civilization that all historic human settlements were around inland freshwater recourses has conclusively proved it.Water is the basis of life, a universal solvent and one of the most precious commodities required for survival of any form of life.Singh et al. (2006).Wetzel (1975) defined 'Limnology' as Study of the functional relationship and productivity of fresh water affected biotic communities by the physical, chemical and biotic environmental factors.Limnological investigation on water bodies were aimed to assess the deterioration of water quality due to pollution.The statistical techniques to interpret the data of various aquatic habitats were also used by Somashehara Rao (1990).Dnembare and ponde(1997).The correlation analysis method is very useful tool for assessing the water quality parameters.Limnological on ponds and reservoirs is carried out like Adefemi, et al. (2007) worked on the physico-chemical condition of a dam in Nigeria and showed the level of significance between different physico-chemical state variable.Limnological features of manmade lakes were analyzed and observed by Ayoade, et al. (2006).Daily physico-chemical dynamics of Sicmianowka reservoir lies in north eastern Poland was studied by Jcktierynczuk-Rudezyk .E; et al. (2002).Khanna,et al. (2000) analyzed the abiotic factors of a pond at Hardwar.

Study area
The climate of the Khandwa district is pleasant and healthy the district fall in drier part of India.(Fig. No. 1) Annual rainfall 980.75 mm.distributed an over 86 rainy days.The maximum temperature has been recorded in the month of May is 42°C and minimum temperature has been recorded in the month of December 10°C.The ecoclimate of the area is semiarid, second-degree mega thermal type, of summer concentration with winter water deficit (Sharma, 1976).
Nagchoon pond is a perennial rainwater reservior.It is situated at a distance of 6 kilometer, north-west of Khandwa on 21°49'36''N latitude and 76°20' 65'' E longitude.The pond water used for multipurpose especially as a drinking water and for irrigation, fishing purposes.(Fig. No. 2)

Sampling and laboratory analysis
Water samples were collected from all four sampling stations from July2008 to june2010.Monthly samples of sub-surface water in triplicate were collected during first week of each month in the early hours of the day (7 a.m. to 9 a.m.).Iodine treated double Stoppard polyethylene bottles were used for collection of water samples.(Fig. No.02) Some of the physico-chemical characteristics of water including air and water temperature, determined using mercury thermometer, pH were determined using digital pH meter, transparency through Sechidisc,While dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium and magnesium, chlorides,were analyzed using titrimetric method other parameters including turbidity, electrical conductivity, nitrite nitrogen, sulphates, phosphates by spectrophotometer sodium and potassium were analyzed by flame photometer in the laboratory within the 6 to 8 h .

RESULT AND DISCUSION
Water is a prime natural resource, so for conservation and management basic human needs appropriate planning, development and management.Therefore, it is necessary to study the physico-chemical characteristics of water and significant in monitoring the water quality, yet the Physico-chemical conditions are primary concerns.The quality of water is designated as per its, physico-chemical characteristics.
Temperature is one of the essential and driving variable in the environment, since it influence the growth and distribution of flora , fauna of an aquatic ecosystem.It also play crucial role in physico-chemical and metabolic behavior of an aquatic ecosystem.The Nagchoon pond being a shallow water body the water temperature changes according to air temperature.Observations on monthly fluctuation in water temperature recorded that the maximum water temperature recorded 39.00 O C in the month of June at station IV in the first year of study 2008-09.In the second year of study year 2009-10 recorded, the maximum water temperature 39.10 O C in the month of may at the station IV.The minimum water temperature was recorded 8. Air and water temperatures observed to go more or less, hand in hand in the present study, suggesting that water temperature governed by the atmospheric temperature.Shrivastave (1996), Jain (2008), Garg (2009), were also recorded same investigations on reservoirs and lakes of india.
Water alkaline throughout the study of first year whereas in the second year of study in the month of October it was neutral.The monthly variations of pH and most of the water is alkaline in nature due to presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of alkaline earth metals.The present investigation pH were ranged from 7.10 (December) to 8.80 (June) during first year of study period (2008-09) while, during second year of study period 7.05(November) to 8.28(June) (2009-10).seethe (GraphNo.03)Mahajan and kanhere (1995), Rasool et al. (2003) reported that the alkaline pH is favorable for planktonic growth and indicate unpolluted nature of water.Factor like air temperature bring about the change in pH.This suggested by Ramakrishana N. ( 2003), reported that pH increased in summer due to increses bicarbonates in water similar findings recorded in water of Nagchoon pond.The water transparency speaks the trophic status of a water body.The present investigation of Secchi transparency recorded in ranged from 42.50 cm. to 11.00 cm. and maximum and minimum value showed in (Table No.I and II).Turbidity is a condition of water resulting from the presence of suspended matter in the water.The biological productivity, suspended non-living particles and watercolor, wind velocity rainfall and nature of bottom such factors mainly Summer season> rainy season> winter season (Both the year of study) Total alkalinity level used as a criterion for assessing the nutrient status.Many workers in Indian water bodies also reported similar findings, Ramakrishana (2003), who argued that total alkalinity, is usually higher during pre-monsoon than monsoon.Radhika et al.( 2004) observed an increase in alkalinity during summer in VellayaniLake, Kerala.Narayan et al. (2007), Bajaj (2010) who argued that total alkalinity is usually higher during pre-monsoon than monsoon.Iqbal & Katariya (1995), reported that in the Upper Lake of Bhopal, the maximum total alkalinity was during monsoon and the minimum value was during summer.Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water in variable concentration.Indian inland water has been reported, chloride content in to show wide variations in amount as well as seasonal fluctuations.When present in higher concentration, it   The area of study falls within the calcium rich water.The general acceptable limit of Calcium in waters is usually 75 mg /lit whereas its maximum permissible limit is 200 mg /lit.ICMR, (1975).
Magnesium is often associated with calcium in all kinds of waters, but its concentration remains generally lower than the calcium Venkatasubramani and Meenambal, (2007).Generally water bodies polluted by organic matter exhibited higher values.Nitrogen is present in the form of organic nitrogen compounds, ammonia, nitrates and as nitrite.In Nagchoon pond the nitrate nitrogen value ranged from 0.90 mg/lit.to 0.22 mg/lit.(Table No.I and II) The maximum concentration of nitrates, in the study area recorded in rainy season confirms that its sources are through the runoff waters, during rainy season the importance of incoming of nitrogen through the runoff water in the fresh water bodies.This is logical, in view of the fact that the nitrogen salts leached from soil more easily, while compaired in case of many other elements.In addition, minimum value in winter is due to consumption by biota.A similar explanation offered by Ramkrishana ( 2003 Sulphates are naturally occurring anions in all kinds of natural waters.Seasonal fluctuation showed that, in summer season showed higher value of sulphate and in winter month showed lower values.These findings reported by several workers Kadam et al.(2005).Sodium is one of the important cation occurring naturally.The value of sodium in present study were ranged from 1.74 mg/lit.to 0.60 mg/lit.During both year of study period in Nagchoon pond the maximum value recorded in summer and minimum value recorded in rainy months.This investigation supported by Raj Narayan et al. (2007), Garg et al. (2009).Evaporation of water is a significant factor in increasing sodium level during summer season.Potassium a close relative of sodium, is usually the fourth ranking cations in fresh water .It is weathered from various feldspar but does not remain in solutions.The present investigation showed that potassium concentration high during rainy season and low during winter season.Similar, investigation coincides with the workers.Jain (2008) Garget al.(2009), Khajuria (2009).
The present study show detailed physicochemical characteristics and quality of potable water of Nagchoon pond, it reveales that the assessment of water quality deterioration is due to various reasons.The summer, monsoon and winter seasons shows different seasonal fluctuations in various physicochemical parameters.The water parameters indicate that the reservoir is rich in nutrients.The chloride; Nitrate and phsophate are found to be beyond permissable limit.On the basis of two years study of physicochemical characteristics it may be said that the nagchoon pond reaches towards eutrophication.The trophic status of water body warrants a proper conservation and management strategy and checks siltation process and removes weeds from pond time to time and improves quality of water there should be continuous monitoring of pollution level in pond.
5 O C at station III during the month of January year 2008-09.While, during the year 2009-10 the minimum water temperature was recorded 9.8 O C at station II in the month of January.During rainy months decline in the water temperature.Summer season > Rainy season >winter season.(Both study year)

Fig. 4 :- 10 Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 : 10 r=
Fig. 4: Monthly variations in chloride and total hardness 2009-10 ) Telkhade et al. (2008), Latha N. (2010).The main origin of Phosphate is due to the mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks.In rocks most of the phosphorus bound, are generally insoluble in water.The close perusal of data recorded from Nagchoon pond revealed that the phosphate-phosphorus ranged from 0.70 mg/lit.to 0.28 mg/lit.Phosphorus has often suspected to be the limiting nutrient in the primary production of fresh waters.Verudin (1972) called it a 'Sub-optimum' element, it being present in, most of the water in lesser quantities than required by the biotic community.A number of Indian workers like, Das(2000),Ramakrishna(2003) ,Pathak and Mudgal(2005),Telkhade(2008), Shinde et al.(2010).