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Assessment of Ground Water Quality by Using Water Quality Index Method of Berhampur Town in Odisha, India

Bijaya Kumar Gouda1 , Ejaz Ahmed2 * and Mukunda Kesari Khadanga3

1 Department of Chemistry, Science College, Hinjilicut, Ganjam, 761102 Odisha India

2 Department of Chemistry, M.M. Mahavidyalaya, Berhampur, 760001 Ganjam Odisha India

3 Project Scientist, NIOT, Chennai, 600100 India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.3.49

Berhampur, the silk city of Odisha (India) is under the process of rapid urbanization with human population exceeding more than four lacks. Such growth in population of Berhampur Municipal Corporation has increased the requirement of water for human activities. Due to this reason the huge amount of waste water is generated which is discharged to the Bay of Bengal through small sewage system. The present study is carried out the impact of ground water quality status of Berhampur town. The water samples collected from ten different locations have been chosen separately across Berhampur Municipal Corporation depending on pollution load and water logging. The samples were collected in three different seasons i.e monsoon (MN, June-September), post monsoon (PM, November-January) and pre monsoon (PRM, March-May) and to determine the physical, chemical and biological parameters. The WQI reflects a composite influence of contributing factors on the quality of water for any type of water system. So WQI is an important parameter for assessment and management of ground water. Now a day’s water quality of different water system has been communicated on the basis of calculated WQI. The presents study revels that water quality index is 1 to 10 sampling station (S-1, S-2, S-4, S-5, S-6, S-7, S-8)  come under good water quality and station (S-3, S-9, S-10) belongs to poor water. This may be due the sewage water logging in those study area which will definitely put serious impact up on socio-economic development of the people in this area in future.

Ground water; Water Quality Parameters; Water Quality Index

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Ahmed E, Gouda B. K, Khadanga M. K. Assessment of Ground Water Quality by Using Water Quality Index Method of Berhampur Town in Odisha, India. Curr World Environ 2014;9 (3) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.3.49

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Ahmed E, Gouda B. K, Khadanga M. K. Assessment of Ground Water Quality by Using Water Quality Index Method of Berhampur Town in Odisha, India. Available from: http://www.cwejournal.org/?p=7133


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Received: 2014-04-01
Accepted: 2014-10-09

Introduction

Berhampur, one of the largest city of Odisha nick name silk city is located in eastern coast line of Ganjam district, Odisha, India. It is situated in between 19Ëš58E Latitude and 84Ëš5’`N Longitude. The city is grown into Municipal Corporation which consists of 40 wards and population of about four lacks. This city is situated about 15 km away from Bay of Bengal which makes the city condition extremely humid. The maximum temperature during summer season 400C, whereas minimum temperature reaches to 220C.during winter season. The city experiences average annual rain fall of 1250mm with the set of south west monsoon. On account of rapid urbanization there has been a rapid growth in huge building, apartment, hotel, hospital, technical institute, transportation and vehicles. This leads to the increase in requirement of water for domestic purpose as well as drinking purposes. The river Rusikulya is the major distributing river for water supply as well as Dakhinapur reservoir is the second source of water for Berhampur city. This water supply is insufficient for the total pollution for which about 55% human population depends on ground water. But the ground water is getting polluted due to various human activities and water logging of waste water from the houses due to improper sewage system for which ground water is contaminated due to seepage from effluent bearing water body (Adekunle, 2009). Over burden of the population pressure unplanned urbanization on restricted exploration and dumping of the polluted water at in appropriate place enhance infiltration of harmful compounds to the ground water (Pandey and Tiwari, 2009). In view of this it is imperative to analyse the ground water quality in order to know the level of pollution, so that appropriate measures could be taken to over come the pollution problem and make the ground water pollution free or pollution minimized.

Material and Methods 

Only tube wells were selected from ten sampling points. The grab samples were collected in plastic and glass bottles as per the requirement. The sampling was done during June 11 to May 12 on three monsoon seasons .Different physical, chemical and biological parameters such as pH, turbidity, E-conductivity, total alkalinity, TH, TDS, Iron, Cl-, NO3-, Calcium and magnesium were analyzed in laboratory as per following procedure in Table-1.All chemicals and reagents used for the analysis were of analytical reagent grade (Patel and Sing, 1998),(Trivedy and Goel,1984).

Table 1: Water quality classification based in WQI value.

WQI

Water quality

< 50

Excellent

50 -100

Good

100-200

Poor

200-300

Very Poor


Table 2: Location of point of ground water in Berhampur town

Sl

No

Code No

Location of sampling point

1

S1

Khodasing (TW)

2

S2

Industrial Estate(TW)

3

S3

M.K.C.G. Medical(TW)

4

S4

New Bustand(TW)

5

S5

Old Bustand(TW)

6

S6

Gandhi Nagar(TW)

7

S7

Gate Bazar(TW)

8

S8

Radio Station(TW)

9

S9

Haradakhandi(TW)

10

S10

Rail way station (TW)

Water quality Index (WQI)

For computing WQI three steps are followed. In the first step each of the parameters has been assigned a weight according to its relative importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purpose (Table.3). The maximum weight of 5 has been assigned to the parameter NO3-1 due to its major importance in water quality assessment. Magnesium which is given the minimum weight of 1, as magnesium by itself may not be harmful to other. In the second step, the relative weight (wi) is computed from the following equation

Table 3: Methods of analysis of different parameters

Sl. No

Parameters

Unit

Method of Analysis

1

pH value

  pH meter

2

Turbidity

NTU

Nephlo turbidity

3

TDS

mg/l

Gravimetric method

4

E.C

MS/cm

Conductivity meter

5

TH

mg/l

Titrimetricmethod(EDTA)

6

Alkalinity

mg/l

Titration with H2SO4

7

Ca2+

mg/l

EDTA Titration

8

Mg2+

mg/l

EDTA Titration

9

Cl-

mg /l

AgNO3Argentometrictitration

10

NO3-

mg/l

UV screening

  Wi = wi/∑i=1nwi

where WI is the relative weight wi   is the weight each parameter and n is the number of parameter calculated relative weight (Wi) values of each parameter are also given in Table- 01-10. In third step a quality, rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration in each water sample by its respective standard according to the guidelines in the WHO and the result multiplied by 100.

Qi = (ci/Si) x 100

Table 4: Relative values of chemical paramet

Parameter

Highest permitted value for water with reference to WHO standards

Weight(wi)

Relative weight(Wi)

PH

            7.0 – 8.5          4

0.1379

Turbidity

5

4

0.1379

TDS

500

4

0.1379

TH

300

2

0.689

Alkalinity

900

3

0.1034

Ca2+

75

2

0.689

Mg2+

50

2

0.689

Cl-1

200

3

0.134

No3-1

50

5

0.1724

 

 

∑wi=29

 
 
Table 5: Seasonal variation of pH value with average and permissible value

Sl.No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks  :

 permissible value with reference to WHO

(7.0 to 8.5)

1

S1

7.2

7.1

7.1

7.13

Permissible

2

S2

7.3

6.9

7.0

7.06

Permissible

3

S3

7.4

7.3

7.1

7.26

permissible

4

S4

7.3

7.1

7.0

7.13

permissible

5

S5

7.5

7.1

7.0

7.20

permissible

6

S6

7.4

7.2

7.1

7.23

permissible

7

S7

7.4

7.3

7.1

7.26

permissible

8

S8

7.6

7.2

7.2

7.33

permissible

9

S9

7.8

7.2

7.2

7.40

permissible

10

S10

7.6

7.3

7.3

7.40

permissible


Where qi is the quality rating, Ci is the concentration each chemical parameter on each water sample in mg /l, Si is the Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/l according to guideline of the BIS -10500, 1991. for the computing the WQI the first is determined the each chemical parameter which is used then the WQI as per the following equation,

Si = WI x qi

WQI= ∑ Si


Table 6: Seasonal variation of turbidity (NTU) value with average and permissible value

Sl. No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks: Permissible value with reference to WHO (5.0NTU)

1

S1

10.9

12.9

13.9

12.56

Excessive

2

S2

11.8

12.4

14.8

13.0

Excessive

3

S3

10.5

11.3

15.4

12.4

Excessive

4

S4

10.5

11.4

14.7

12.2

Excessive

5

S5

10.3

12.3

16.2

12.93

Excessive

6

S6

10.2

12.2

15.8

12.73

Excessive

7

S7

9.5

11.3

14.7

11.83

Excessive

8

S8

10.2

11.9

15.2

12.43

Excessive

9

S9

9.5

12.4

14.9

12.26

Excessive

10

S10

10.2

13.3

15.4

12.96

Excessive


Table 7: Seasonal variation of Total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/l value with average
and permissible value
 
 
Sl. Sl. Mon soon Post monsoon Pre monsoon Average Remarks:                permissible value with reference to WHO (500mg/l)
No            
1 S1 510 540 640 563.33 Excessive
2 S2 515 534 690 579.66 Excessive
3 S3 600 683 804 695.66 Excessive
4 S4 540 666 712 639.33 Excessive
5 S5 576 612 712 633.33 Excessive
6 S6 582 635 810 675.66 Excessive
7 S7 573 679 799 683.66 Excessive
8 S8 587 671 810 689.33 Excessive
9 S9 590 683 799 690.66 Excessive
10 S10 601 698 840 713 Excessive

Si is the sub index of ten parameter ,qi is the rating base on concentration of the ten parameter, and n is the number of the parameter. The computed WQI values are classified in to four types Excellent water to, unsuitable for the drinking.

Table 8: Seasonal variation of Electrical conductivity (EC) MS/cm value with average and permissible value

Sl.

No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks:                 permissible value with reference to WHO

(1.1-3.0 MS/cm)

1 S1 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2

Permissible

2 S2 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.26

Permissible

3 S3 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.73

Permissible

4 S4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6

Permissible

5 S5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6

Permissible

6 S6 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.46

Permissible

7 S7 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.4

Permissible

8 S8 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.5

Permissible

9 S9 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.7

Permissible

10 S10 2.0 2.3 1.9 2.1                       Permissible

Table 9: Seasonal variation of Total Hard ness (TH) mg/l value with average and permissible value

 


 
 

Sl.

No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks     

 permissible value  with reference to WHO (300 mg/l )

1

S1

308

323

337

322.66

Excessive

2

S2

316

346

365

342.33

Excessive

3

S3

402

425

442

423.00

Excessive

4

S4

308

322

336

322.00

Excessive

5

S5

322

335

358

338.33

Excessive

6

S6

325

340

360

341.66

Excessive

7

S7

348

362

377

362.33

Excessive

8

S8

295

305

322

307.33

Excessive

9

S9

410

430

451

430.33

Excessive

10

S10

525

560

574

553.00

Excessive


Result and discussion

The result of different parameter compered individually by taking data of pre monsoon, monsoon & post monsoon seasons  which are reflected in table 01 to 10 and
in figure 01 to 10.
 

Figure 1: Sampling location point
along the Berhampur city.

Click here to View Figure


pH

Maximum pH observed at sample station S-9 i.e. 7.8 and minimum was observed at sample station S-2 is 6.9. The pH range in all the station is with in permissible limit i.e. 07 to 8.5 (WHO) standard.

Table 10: Seasonal variation of Alkalinity mg/l value with average and permissible value

 

 

Sl. No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks: Permissible value  with reference to WHO

(900 mg/l )

1

S1

652

630

615

632.33

Permissible

2

S2

702

690

670

687.33

Permissible

3

S3

590

540

525

551.667

Permissible

4

S4

680

530

510

573.33

Permissible

5

S5

648

634

522

601.33

Permissible

6

S6

705

659

634

666.00

Permissible

7

S7

680

440

510

543.33

Permissible

8

S8

710

670

642

674.00

Permissible

9

S9

850

740

620

736.66

Permissible

10

S10

600

530

511

547.00

Permissible


Table 11: Seasonal variation of chloride (Cl-1) mg/l value with average and
permissible value

 

TURBIDITY

Sl. No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks:                permissible value with reference to WHO (200 mg/l)

1

S1

98

105

110

104.33

Permissible

2

S2

105

125

127

119.00

Permissible

3

S3

220

215

217

217.33

Excessive

4

S4

115

124

125

121.33

Permissible

5

S5

118

127

127

124.00

Permissible

6

S6

106

121

121

116.00

Permissible

7

S7

118

127

130

125.00

Permissible

8

S8

129

139

140

136.00

Permissible

9

S9

225

218

216

219.66

Excessive

10

S10

230

239

236

235.00

Excessive


Maximum turbidity was observed at sample station S-5 is 16.2 and minimum was observed at sample station S-7 is 9.5 NTU. The result revels that the turbidity range all the station is above the desirable limit value i.e. 5 (NTU) in drinking water (WHO) standard. This may attributed to the pressure of Ca2+ and total Hardness (TH).

Table 12: Seasonal variation of calcium (Ca2+) mg/l value with average and permissible value

 

 

Sl.

No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks: Permissible value with reference to WHO (75 mg/l)

1

S1

69

82

79

76.66

Excessive

2

S2

78

99

80

85.66

Excessive

3

S3

92

115

104

103.66

Excessive

4

S4

75

102

89

88.66

Excessive

5

S5

81

116

102

99.66

Excessive

6

S6

79

124

111

104.66

Excessive

7

S7

110

126

180

138.66

Excessive

8

S8

120

145

122

129.00

Excessive

9

S9

125

147

127

133.00

Excessive

10

S10

111

112

110

111.00

Excessive


Table -13: Seasonal variation of Magnesium (Mg2+) mg/l value with average and

Sl.

No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks: Permissible value with reference to WHO (50mg/l )

1

S1

180

169

132

160.33

Excessive

2

S2

176

158

127

153.66

Excessive

3

S3

200

190

140

176.66

Excessive

4

S4

182

173

144

166.33

Excessive

5

S5

170

156

123

149.66

Excessive

6

S6

162

149

120

143.66

Excessive

7

S7

158

151

129

146.00

Excessive

8

S8

151

142

131

141.33

Excessive

9

S9

150

142

131

141.00

Excessive

10

S10

295

282

138

238.32

Excessive


Permissible value

 



 
 

TDS

Maximum Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) was observed at sample station S-10 is 840 mg/l and minimum was observed at sample station S-1 is 510 mg/l. The result revels that this value is excessive value for drinking water at the ten sample station i.e. 500 mg/l (WHO) standard. In water total dissolved solids are composed mainly Carbonate, bicarbonate, Magnesium, Salt and other particles.

 

 

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTYVITY

Maximum E-Conductivity (EC) was observed at sample station   S-10 i.e. 2.3 ms/cm and minimum was observed at sample station S 1 i.e 1.1 ms/cm (Fig. 2). The result revels that this value is with in the range value for drinking water at the ten sample stationi.e.  1.1 to 1.3 ms/cm (WHO) standard.

Table 14: Seasonal variation of Nitrate (No3-) mg/l value with average and permissible value

Sl.

No

Location points

Mon soon

Post monsoon

Pre monsoon

Average

Remarks: Permissible value with reference to WHO (50mg/l )

1

S1

35.1

33.2

31.2

33.16

Permissible

2

S2

36.0

34.5

34.5

35.00

Permissible

3

S3

26.8

25.3

34.7

28.93

Permissible

4

S4

24.6

24.6

22.3

23.83

Permissible

5

S5

22.2

23.2

22.1

22.50

Permissible

6

S6

32.4

32.4

31.0

31.93

Permissible

7

S7

29.0

28.4

28.4

28.60

Permissible

8

S8

37.2

35.2

34.3

35.56

Permissible

9

S9

38.5

38.4

32.1

36.33

Permissible

10

S10

36.2

34.3

34.3

34.93

Permissible

 
Figure 2: Seasonal variation of water
quality parameters along Berhampur city.

Click here to View figure

TOTAL HARDNESS (TH)

Maximum Total Hardness (TH) was observed at sample station S-10 is 574 mg/l in pre monsoon season and minimum was observed at sample station S-3 is 295 mg/l in monsoon season(Fig. 2). The TH of all station has crossed the permissible limit i.e. 300 mg/l (WHO) standard. This value is more pronounced in pre monsoon season (Fig. 2). This may be due to nature accumulation of salt from contact with soil or it may enter from direct pollution by the human activity. This revels that the drinking water of such station for under hard water category.

ALKALINITY

The alkalinity value seems to be highest in monsoon season at station S-9 is 850 mg/l at sample station and minimum at sample station S-7 is 440 mg/I in post monsoon season. The high alkalinity value in the study is at sample station S-9 in monsoon season is due to increase in action of carbonate as the basic material in the soil, due to this reason the drinking water sample station of S-9 is unpleasant to taste. Cl- Maximum chloride was observed at sample station S-10 is 239 mg/l in post monsoon season and minimum was observed at sample station S-1 is 98mg/l in monsoon season. The result shows that at station S-9 the Cl- value is also high. In this season the high amount of Cl- in ground water may be due to atmospheric precipitation, animal feeds, use of inorganic fertilizer and leaching process of the soil.

Ca2+

All the stations have high amount of Ca2+ ion present. High amount of calcium was found in the monsoon season ,post monsoon, pre monsoon which is due to geological material aquifers which is composed of calcium mixed with ground water and is found in it suspension. Maximum calcium was observed at sample station S-7 is 180 mg/l in pre monsoon season (Fig. 2).

Mg2+

The magnesium values seems to be highest in monsoon season at the sample station S-10 is 295 mg/l and minimum at the sample station S-6 is 120mg/l  in pre monsoon season. The results revel that the values of magnesium range in all stations above the desirable limit value i.e 50 mg/l in drinking water (WHO) standard. This may be attributed to domestic waste, medical waste and also fall in water level.

NO3-

In the study area there is no significant change in nitrate concentration and the maximum nitrate was observed at sample station S-9 is 38.5 mg/l in monsoon season and minimum was observed sample station S-5 in 22.1 mg/l in pre monsoon season (Fig. 2). The Nitrate range in all the stations is within the permissible limit i.e 50 mg/l (WHO) standard.

CONCLUSION

From the above study it is concluded that all the ten selected location of the Berhampur city does not meet all the standard values of parameters, It is observed that the location S-3, S-9 and S-10 have highest values of parameters except nitrate ,magnesium ,PH ,alkalinity .the highest value Of WQI .Therefore observed at S-3, S-9, and S-10 this three location of ground water are not suitable for human consumption ,for there the value of magnesium, calcium, and chloride are significantly inter related and indicate that the hard ness of water  is permanent in nature. So the ground water need some degree of treatment before consumption and the ground water needs to be protected from future contamination and the quality of ground water may be improved by the inflow of fresh water of good quality during rainy season.

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