Current World Environment

Current studies are increasingly directed toward extracting beneficial bioactive compounds from fruit waste, offering both environmental and health-related advantages. This strategy not only reduces organic waste but also meets the growing interest in phenolic compounds known for their protective role against chronic diseases. This review investigates the operational principles of bio-coagulants in water purification processes. Typically, water treatment comprises several steps, beginning with coagulation and flocculation, followed by sedimentation and then filtration. Coagulation-flocculation plays a vital role as the first stage, where agents are added to promote the clustering of suspended particles. Traditional chemical coagulants-like aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and iron-based salts are effective but come with drawbacks, including high costs and potential health concerns. These chemicals may alter water's pH balance and result in waste that is not easily biodegradable. In contrast, plant-based coagulants have shown promise in effectively treating water, offering a more environmentally friendly and safer alternative to conventional methods. Among these, the seeds of Mangifera indica have been identified as particularly effective. Additionally, the peels of Musa paradisiaca also demonstrate coagulation potential. This review aims to identify accessible, cost-effective, and sustainable natural alternatives for producing potable water, especially in developing countries. It evaluates plant-based alternatives to chemical coagulants, focusing on their mechanisms, extraction, and effectiveness. The paper identifies promising sources like Mangifera indica and highlights research gaps to guide future eco-friendly water treatment innovations. At the end of this review, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of the process associated with the choice, extraction, cleaning and stability of coagulation, depending on the plants used in water treatment.

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