Current World Environment

Introduction

Water also exists in liquid and crystal states on the surfaces of the Earth. Earth is 96.5% water-covered; 71% is found in oceans and 1.7% in groundwater. 1.7 % in glaciers. Reservoirs are water bodies that facilitate the study, the effect of the relative state of that determines the diversity of the organisms and fish fauna.¹ There reservoir water basically used for agricultural uses, domestic purposes, and fisheries management. The survival and growth of all living organisms depend on water and resources.² Water from different resources directly or indirectly benefits human welfare and enriches the environment.³ About 80% of freshwater is used mainly for irrigation and other purposes of use.⁴ Physicochemical parameters are the characteristics of water sources.⁵ Physicochemical parameters are one of the important components in aquatic systems to indicate water quality of aquatic ecosystems.⁶ The natural environmental conditions are like the climatic conditions, vegetation, and lithology.⁷

The quality of surface water depends on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and changing seasonal climatic conditions. The ecosystem and their support on water quality parameters.⁸ The physical and chemical properties of water are important to the composition of aquatic organisms.⁹ Living organisms that are present in the ecosystem can withstand their current environment when they are within permissible limits. Western Ghats is the rich source of India’s freshwater fishes. Their observation of physicochemical parameters of the water quality parameters plays an important role in the water environment and ecosystem.¹⁰ Various researchers around the world have assessments to reveal its water quality.¹¹

Materials and Methods

Manjalar Reservoir

In sampling sites selected at Manjalar Dam. Fresh water will be collected in the Manjalar reservoir at Devadanapatti town in Theni district. It was started from Palani hills and towards joining the Vaigai River. There are four small streams that join the Manjalar reservoir.

Manjalar Reservoir

Sampling Sites:

Manjalar, is a reservoir which was constructed for the benefits of agricultural, drinking and Pisiculture activities of the people living in Theni district. Four sampling sites were considered, based on the water inflow, zones and activities of the people. Sampling were located in the Southern, Eastern, Northern and Western side of the reservoir as Site A, B, C, and D respectively.

Methodology

Surface water samples were collected from the Manjalar Reservoir. Water samples were collected fortnightly on a monthly basis. Water samples were collected from four sites: A, B, C, and D from January 2022 to December 2022.Surface water samples were collected in clean plastic containers for the analysis of various physicochemical parameters. Their sample observations were made in the morning.water samples analysis laboratory immediately. pH of water sample measured with a pH meter, temperature measured with a thermometer, conductivity measured with a conductivity meter, and total dissolved solids (TDS) measured with a TDS meter; total alkalinity determined by acid-base titration method; DO and BOD measured Winkler’s method, COD Open refluxed method,  Chloride AgNo₃ method, Nitrate Brucine method, total hardness EDTA method, Sulphate (Turbidiometric method), according to this sample analysis, the following method was followed APHA, 2005¹² and Trivedy and Goel.¹³

Results

Water is vital solvents essential to all living beings for their survival. The physicochemical parameters that were analyzed, such as AT, WT, pH, EC, DO, TH, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, and free CO₂, were analyzed, and results were compared with Indian standard values BIS, 2012,¹⁴, WHO 2017,¹⁵ and statistical analysis for SPSS using this package (version 21) of the results was tested with an ANOVA test depicted in the figures. Following Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed from four different sites of Manjalar reservoir fromJanuary2022 to December 2022. There all the monthly data were classified into four different seasons, Post-monsoon, Summer, Pre-monsoon, Monsoon.

Figure 1: Seasonal variation of pH from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

pH of freshwater that important on the aquatic life and maintains the aquatic ecosystem. Its process from photosynthetic activity,^16,32 and the physiological function of plants and animals.¹⁷ The maximum pH of 8 mg/l was observed during the month of May, summer, and the minimum pH value of 6 mg/l, July, Pre-monsoon 2022 (Figure1).

Atmospheric temperature

In aquatic system the flora and fauna affect by the temperature.¹⁸ The highest atmospheric temperature of 38⁰C in the site- II, March, the season Post-monsoon and lowest temperature of was found at the site-IV, November during the Monsoon 2022. (Figure-2). Permissible limit 35⁰C.WHO BIS, ISI (2017)^{. 15,19,20,21}

Figure 2: Seasonal variation of Atmospheric Temperature from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Water temperature

Water temperature is important as well as biological productivity.²² The highest water temperature^23,24 360°C, February, post-monsoon and summer, and lowest water temperature 20°C, October ,monsoon 2022. (Figure 3),

Figure 3: Seasonal variation of Water Temperature from Janauay 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Figure 4: Seasonal variation of Electrical Conductivity from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Electrical conductivity depends upon the concentration of electric current and temperature of the solution, it’s purity of water. It’s measure the quality of aquatic biota of water resource.²⁵ The highest electrical conductivity was observed at 293 µs/cm, February, Post-monsoon season at site II, and lowest electrical conductivity was observed at 96 µs/cm at site II, December during the monsoon season of 2022. Permissible limit: 750-1500 µs/cm. (Figure 4),

Figure 5: Seasonal variation of Dissolved Oxygen fromJanaury 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

DO is one of the most important parameter and quality of water, its maintain aquatic and biotic forms.²⁶ The highest Dissolved Oxygen value 8.2 mg/l at the site II, May, Summer and lowest 3.6 mg/l, SIII, February, Post-monsoon 2022. (Figure-5).DO Permissible limit 6mg/l WHO,2017,¹⁵ BIS 2012.¹⁴

Figure 6: Seasonal variation of Chloride in from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

CL are usually from water is a soluble than natural activities, and salts present in minerals.²⁷ The maximum Chloride 99.4 mg/l, site-II,   June,  Pre-monsoon and lowest 23, S- IV,    January Post-monsoon. (Figure-6), Chloride permissible limit 250 mg/l.

Total Dissolved Solids

TDS include organic and inorganic salts present in universal solvent of water.²⁸ TDS the highest 166mg/l S–II, October, Monsoon, and lowest 50 mg/l,  S-I, January, Post-monsoon 2022. (Figure-7) TDS permissible limit 250mg/l WHO 2017,¹⁵ ISI 2017,^20,21 and BIS 2012,¹⁴ 500- 1000mg/l.

Figure 7: Seasonal variation of Total Dissolved solids January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Figure 8: Seasonal variation of Total Alkalinity from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Total Alkalinity measure water capacity to neutralize acids include carbonates and bicarbonates and hydroxides. Its maintain water quality and aquatic life. The highest Total Alkalinity 235 mg/l,site-II, October, Monsoon, and lowest 101mg/l, S-III, May, Summer season 2022. (Figure-8). TA Permissible limit ISI 2017,20,21 BIS,2012,14 200-600 mg/l.

Figure 9: Seasonal variation of Total Hardness from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Total Hardness is the presence of calcium and magnesium and the mineral content of the water. The highest 255 mg/l, site II, May, summer, and  lowest 44 mg/l,  S-IV, June 2022. (Figure-9). The permissible of Total Hardness limit is 200-600 mg/l according to WHO 2012,³⁰ CPCB¹², and ISI 2017,^20,21 BIS (2017).¹¹

Biological oxygen demand

BOD measures the amount of oxygen and the organic matter in water. The highest BOD, 8.7 mg/l, Site-II, May, summer, and lowest 4.5 mg/l, S-III, January, Post-monsoon 2022.(Figure-10). BOD Permissible limit 5mg/l (WHO 2017^15, BIS¹⁴, ISI,^20,21 2017, EPA, 20 mg/l, 2024)^31.

Figure 10: Seasonally Variation of Biological Oxygen Demand from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Figure 11: Seasonal variation of Chemical Oxygen Demand from January 2022 to December2022 Click here to view Figure

COD is a measure amount of oxygen required to organic and inorganic matter the indicator of water.³³ The highest 12.9 mg/l, Site II, May, Summer and lowest 6.0 mg/l, S-III, November, Monsoon 2022 (Figure 11). Permissiblelimit20mg/l.

Nitrate

Nitrate is mainly comes through Fertilizers, and sewage and waste from other activities.³⁴ The highest Nitrate value 8.6 mg/l, site II, September,  Pre-monsoon and lowest  2.0mg/l, site-I, May, Summer2022. (Figure-12), Nitrate permissible limit 45 mg/l.

Figure 12: Seasonal variation of Nitrate fromJanuary2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Nitrite

Nitrite is a nitrogen compound, and it’s more the toxic humans and aquatic life. The highest Nitrite 0.9 mg/,l  Site-II, April, monsoon season and lowest  0.0 mg/l, S-I, and III   July, pre-monsoon 2022. (Figure-13), Nitrite permissible limit <1 mg/l (WHO 2017,¹⁵ ISI 2017,^20,21 BIS,¹⁴ EPA, 2024).³¹

Figure 13: Seasonal variation of Nitrite from January 2022 to December2022 Click here to view Figure

Figure 14: Seasonal variation of Sulphate from January 2022 to December2022 Click here to view Figure

Sulfate naturally occurring ion found in the soil, rocks and water, its supplies through the industrial discharge watering minerals, or agricultural runoff. The highest 19.3 mg/l, site II, October, Monsoon and lowest 4.0 mg/l, S-I, and III,  March, Post-monsoon 2022. (Figure-14), Permissible limit 200 mg/l.

Figure 15: Seasonal variation of Phosphate from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Phosphates are essential for growth of organisms and nutrients that its primary productivity of water, its key nutrient causing eutrophication to excess of algal growth. ^72. High phosphate level to associate with organic pollution. The highest Phosphate 0.8 mg/l, Site-II, the   October, Monsoon, and lowest 0.1mg/l, Site-I, III, and IV, May, and December, Monsoon  2022. (Figure-15), Phosphate permissible limit 0.5 WHO 2017^15, ISI 2017^20,21 BIS (2017)^14.

Figure 16: Seasonal variation of Free CO2from January 2022 to December 2022 Click here to view Figure

Free CO2, it might refer to avail for photosynthesis. The highest Free CO2 6.5, site -II, May,   Summer and lowest 2.0 mg/l,  S-I, January, Post-monsoon season 2022. Free CO₂ Permissible limit < 15mg/l.

Statistical Analysis

The data collected on physicochemical parameters were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the mean and standard deviation and were visualized with bar charts. Seasonally study of all the parameters were pooled to get a single value representing the reservoir of the season, Additionally, one-way (ANOVA) test differences among  parameters.(Table1).

Table 1: Physicochemical parameters analyzed and descriptive Statistic for the variations in ANOVA-(one-way) from Jan-2022-Dec-2022.

The physicochemical parameters for mean and Standard deviation of ANOVA (One-Way) test Significant P< 0.05 *(0.000) for the AT, WT, DO, CL, TDS, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Sulphate, for significant the season of parameters and other parameters non-significant P> 0.05.

Discussion

pH, Similar study, Gubi reservoir range 8.5 were increased Summer season with permissible limitof pH6.5 to 8.5,³⁴ followed by Ghatuel et al.,³⁵ Waldevi water is 7.3 to 8.4, it was maximum (May) summer season and minimum winter season(December),³⁶ Godavari river. Similar reports show higher levels in the dry season,³⁷ and a pH ranging from 5 to 8.5 is good for the planktons for both phytoplankton and zooplanktons and fish production.³⁸ Same study was reported kshir Sagar,³⁹ Tehri Dam.

Temperature,

Similar study Laharpur Dam, the water temperature high level summer and winter months lowest at all sites,⁴⁰ Temperature, the reaction to climate change and their air temperature increasing, the surface water temperature in the world.⁴¹ The optimal temperature between 20 to 30 C is required for algae growth. Warmer water leads to increased algae growth. Similar result was observed by Aher et al, and Singh S, ^36,42 Godavari river.

Electrical Conductivity,

Similar reports show higher, may and lower level dry season. Gubi and Waya Dam within acceptable range.⁴³ The maximum EC during the summer season and low winter season reported by Pulugandi C,⁴⁴ Vembakottai reservoir, the seasonal change same reported by Verma A.K, and Saksena D.N45 Kalpi reservoir, Gwalior.

DO

revealed that ranges 4.9 mg/L to 7.5 mg/L by Gourkar et al.,⁴⁶ from Study of physicochemical parameters and correlationship  of Kathani river, temperature was maximum summer season, allowing the plant photosynthesis for phytoplankton and fish production,⁴⁷,⁴⁸ Similar result, reporting that DO was 6.02–7.11 mg/l in the Oinyi River, Nigeria. The maximum DO was higher  Summer season the ranged from 8.6 mg.l, reported by Godavarai river.⁴⁹

Chloride

similar reported, increase in pre-monsoon season.² Similar funding were reported by Kumar,⁵⁰ CL ranges 45 mg/L to 140 mg/L from Physicochemical  Purna River.

BOD

BOD is an important chemical parameter to the oxygen required to degradation of organic matter with the microbial activities. Similar result were reported by Kumar,⁵⁰ BOD ranges between 1.9 mg/L to 4.9 mg/L from Water Quality Assessment of a River Using Physicochemical Parameters. Similar reported followed by BOD 3.2 to 8.5 mg/l Halai reservoir the high oxygen demand in dry season so the water temperature increase, the rate of decomposition increases, Batang reservoir⁵¹ BOD, was increase summer,⁵² that  rainfall high in BOD.^29,53

Chemical oxygen demand

Similar study,  ranges from 6 to 9 for helathy water,⁵⁴ Similar funding were observed by Gourkar et al.,⁴⁶ COD ranges between 4.49 mg/L to 12.50 mg/L from Study of physicochemical parameters of Kathani river,²⁶ The COD of water increases with increasing organic and inorganic matter, reported by Garg et al.,⁵⁵ 3 to 17 mg/l in Ramsagar Reservoir.

TDS

value increases because of human activity into the site. Similar result were observed by  . TDS level increase and decreased the reported  by many researcher.^55,56,16 similar report in Kshir Sagar, Kolar reservoir, results were reported by ^57, for Pus Dam, where the minimum values of total dissolved solids were observed in the winter and maximums in the summer months. Its Consists of inorganic salts and dissolved materials the 150 to 242 mg/l the maximum  October and the minimum April, reported by   ^36,Godavari river. ^55, Ramsagar reservoir.

Total Alkalinity

Similar reported,¹² Maximum during monsoon season due to high productivity from planktons. Increases the alkalinity that are harmful to aquatic life. Similar study, Total Alkalinity the summer season high rate of photosynthesis.⁵⁶ The maximum summer season (May) due to increased bicarbonates in the water reported by Sonawane.⁵⁷ Ranged from 160 to 220 maximum summer and minimum August observed by  Manjula and Warrier and Aher et al.,^{25, 36.}

Total Hardness

A similar report indicated, during the high, dry season^57,58 and increase summer and wet season higher level,  Similar finding that the total hardness is minimum in Site B Maruda dam area as compared to the other two site. In river site the domestic activities perform by the neighbouring villagers that’s hardness of water may be increases, Similar result were reported by Tiwari.⁵⁹ The ranged from 130 to 280 mg/l by Sharma et al.,⁶⁰ and Waldevi dam ranged from 129 to 152 mg/l during the high level summer season and minimum value of  monsoon reported by Manjula.²⁵

Nitrate

Increase the monsoon season.⁶¹ Nitrate showed its presence in acceptable range. The presence of nitrate in aquatic source is due to surface water runoff, agriculture runoff and organic matter. Similar study, nitrate concentration varied from higher value (0.69±0.04 mg/l) was observed in monsoon season.⁶²

Nitrite

observation was reported by Mishra⁶³ the maximum vale monsoon and minimum recorded Post-monsoon reported by^57.

Phosphate

Similar study reported, level of  the Algal growth in a dam will be limited.⁶⁴ It varied in the research  from 0.17 to 0.25 mg/L. The study was undertaken⁶⁵ in reveals the maximum values of the Phosphate (0.28 mg/l) is present in monsoon season, This helps to have significant growth of algae and eutropication.⁶⁶ Simlar eported followed by Sonawane⁵⁷ the phosphate high in monsoon season are mainly due to agriculture runoff, surface water runoff, washerman activity there increase inorganic phosphate content. The permissble limit of 0.025 to 2.5 mg/l WHO , 2012,³⁰ standard for drinking water.⁶⁷

Sulphate similar study was higher the monsoon season.⁶⁸

Free CO₂

Similar study, was the maximum summer season.⁶⁹ Similar results were  was observed high were  summer and minimum winter, followed by the monsoon.⁷⁰ found high levels of free CO2 (6.32) Ramsagar reservoir.⁵⁵ Similar, the Free CO was found more during monsoon period and minimum during winter.⁷¹

In the Present study was discussed the monthly, seasonal and variation of the physicochemical parameters of Manjalar Reservoir.

Conclusion

In the Present study revealed the monthly, seasonal and variation of the physicochemical parameters of Manjalar Reservoir was analyzed. However, the variations in the parameters are within the acceptable limit recommended (WHO, APHA, BIS, ISI, 2017). The physicochemical parameters are essential for environmental sustainability, public health, and effective resource management. Manjalar reservoir regular monitoring for the safe use of quality of water for public use, irrigation purpose and fish culture management, other uses it’s suitable for drinking purposes.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Madurai kamaraj university, Department of Environmental Studies, School of Energy, Environment & Natural Resources, Madurai-21, for providing the necessary resources, laboratory Facilities and support throughout the duration of this research work.

Funding Sources

The funding for this research was provided by the Adi-Trawader Scholarship (per year). Chemical support was provided by the Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), under the Ministry of Education, Government of India (Grant Number: F10172). RUSA contributed exclusively by providing chemical support through the Environmental Science Laboratory for this research work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Ethical Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects or any material that requires ethical approval.

Data Availability Statement

The manuscript incorporates all datasets produced or examined throughout this research study.

Ethics Statement

This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or any material that requires ethical approval

Informed Consent Statement

This study did not involve human participants, and therefore, informed consent was not required.

Permission to reproduce material from other sources

The Manjalar Reservoir water sample was collected with permission taken through the proper channel to the Tamil Nadu Water Board, Theni

Author contribution

Sudhanthira Lingammal Maruthalingam: Conceptualization, Writing, Editing, Original Draft,Data Collection and Analysis.

Suruli Kannan: The study was conceived and designed by and also provided valuable guidance throughout the data collection and analysis phases.

Karamurgan Sanjeevi: Author are contributed to the conception, design, and manuscript preparation.

Mathar Fathima Masoodu Mydeen: Involved in data analysis and interpretation of the manuscript.

All contributing authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Abbreviation list

AT- Atmospheric temperature,

WT- Water temperature,

EC- Electrical Conductivity,

TDS – Total dissolved Solids,

TA-Total Alkalinity,

TH- Total hardness,

DO- Dissolved oxygen,

BOD- Biological oxygen demand,

COD- Chemical oxygen Demand.